What Are Synthetic Materials?
Synthetic materials are artificial substances created through chemical processes. Unlike natural materials, they don't occur in nature; they are made by combining different chemical compounds.
These materials are designed to mimic or improve upon natural options like cotton, wool, or wood, and are typically made from petroleum, coal, or natural gas.
Synthetic materials are made from chemical compoundsWhat Are the Outstanding Features of Synthetic Materials?
Synthetic materials have 4 unique features that make them suitable for a wide range of applications:
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1. Durability and Strength: They resist wear and tear better than many natural materials and last longer, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
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2. Resistance to Elements: Synthetic materials can withstand moisture, chemicals, and extreme temperatures without degrading, making them ideal for outdoor and industrial use.
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3. Flexibility and Versatility: Their properties can be adjusted through chemical composition, allowing for soft fibers or rigid plastics, depending on the intended use.
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4. Consistent Quality: Mass production ensures uniformity, making synthetic materials more consistent than natural ones, which can vary in quality.
4 Key Features of Synthetic MaterialsHow Many Types of Synthetic Materials?
Synthetic materials are categorized based on their properties and specific applications to meet different performance needs and environmental conditions. The 4 main types include:
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1. Commodity Polymers: Cost-effective, widely used materials for general-purpose applications.
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2. Engineering and Performance Polymers: High-performance polymers designed for demanding environments.
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3. Synthetic and Advanced Ceramics: Hard, heat-resistant materials ideal for extreme conditions.
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4. Composite Materials: Materials made by combining different substances to enhance strength and durability.
4 Main Types of Synthetic Materials1. Commodity Polymers (The Largest Group)
Commodity polymers are widely used, cost-effective materials produced in large quantities for general-purpose applications. These polymers are versatile and are found in everyday products such as packaging, household items, and consumer goods.
Due to their ease of production and relatively low cost, they are ideal for use in products with lower performance demands.
These materials are great for general use and offer good mechanical properties, but they typically lack the performance needed for more specialized or extreme conditions.
Here are the “Big Five” examples of commodity polymers (account for nearly 70% of total global plastics production):
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Material Name
|
Specific Types / Acronyms
|
Key Properties
|
|
1. Polyethylene
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LDPE (Low-Density)
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Flexible, tough, high ductility, transparent to opaque.
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HDPE (High-Density)
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Rigid, strong, high impact resistance, and chemically resistant.
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|
2. Polypropylene
|
PP
|
Heat resistant, high fatigue resistance (flexible without breaking), semi-rigid.
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3. Polyvinyl Chloride
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PVC (Rigid)
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Hard, stiff, weather-resistant, durable.
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PVC (Flexible)
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Soft, rubber-like (due to plasticizers), electrical insulator.
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4. Polystyrene
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PS (General Purpose/Crystal)
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Brittle, rigid, glass-like clarity, hard.
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EPS (Expanded/Foamed)
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Lightweight, excellent thermal insulator, shock-absorbing.
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5. Polyethylene Terephthalate
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PET (or PETE)
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Strong, lightweight, clear, moisture barrier.
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Polyester (Fiber form)
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Wrinkle-resistant, durable, quick-drying.
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The “Big Five” Examples of Commodity Polymers2. Engineering and Performance Polymers
Engineering and performance polymers are advanced materials designed for demanding applications that require higher performance.
These polymers offer enhanced mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties compared to commodity polymers. They are commonly used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and electronics, where reliability and durability are crucial.
These materials cost more but deliver the advanced performance needed for specialized applications.
Below are 8 examples of engineering and performance polymers, which offer superior mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties for demanding applications:
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Material Name
|
Family
|
Properties
|
|
1. Polyamides (PA / Nylon)
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Engineering Plastics (Mid-Range)
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High strength and wear resistance.
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2. Polycarbonate (Standard PC)
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Engineering Plastics (Mid-Range)
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High impact resistance and transparency (e.g., safety goggles).
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3. Polyacetal (POM / Acetal)
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Engineering Plastics (Mid-Range)
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Low friction; ideal for precision parts.
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4. Polyesters (PBT / PET)
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Engineering Plastics (Mid-Range)
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Electrical insulating properties.
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5. Fluoropolymers (PTFE / Teflon)
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High-Performance Polymers (Top-Tier)
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High heat and chemical resistance; non-stick.
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6. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)
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High-Performance Polymers (Top-Tier)
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Exceptional chemical resistance at high heat.
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7. Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
|
High-Performance Polymers (Top-Tier)
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The "king" of plastics; high strength used to replace metal in aerospace/medical.
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8. Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)
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High-Performance Polymers (Top-Tier)
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High flow and stability; used for miniaturized electronics.
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8 Examples of Engineering & Performance Polymers3. Synthetic and Advanced Ceramics
Synthetic and advanced ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials known for their hardness, heat resistance, and electrical insulating properties.
These materials are typically used in high-temperature environments or situations where metals and polymers might fail. They are common in industries such as electronics, medical devices, and manufacturing.
Although these materials are ideal for high-performance applications, their brittleness can limit their use in certain situations.
The following are 6 common types of synthetic and advanced ceramics, known for their exceptional hardness, heat resistance, and electrical insulating properties:
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Material Name
|
Family
|
Key Properties
|
|
1. Alumina (Al₂O₃)
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Oxides
|
The most common technical ceramic, known for its electrical insulation and wear resistance.
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2. Zirconia (ZrO₂)
|
Oxides
|
High fracture toughness; commonly used in dental implants and oxygen sensors.
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3. Silicon Carbide (SiC)
|
Non-Oxides (Carbides)
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Extremely hard; utilized in abrasives and high-performance automotive brakes.
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4. Boron Carbide (B₄C)
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Non-Oxides (Carbides)
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Extreme hardness with low density; used in tank armor and bulletproof vests.
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5. Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄)
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Non-Oxides (Nitrides)
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High thermal shock resistance; ideal for high-stress engine parts.
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6. Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
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Non-Oxides (Nitrides)
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Notable for its high thermal conductivity.
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6 Common Examples of Synthetic & Advanced Ceramics4. Composite Materials
Composite materials consist of two or more distinct materials combined to create a new material with improved properties.
These materials typically feature a reinforcement (such as fibers) and a matrix (such as a resin or metal), which work together to enhance strength, durability, and other mechanical properties. Composites are widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction.
Composites are highly valued for their ability to combine the best features of different materials, making them ideal for specialized applications. However, their production can be more costly than that of other materials.
Here are 5 examples of composite materials, which combine different materials to enhance strength, durability, and other performance characteristics:
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Material Name
|
Family
|
Key Properties
|
|
1. Fiberglass (GFRP)
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Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
|
Glass fibers in a polyester or epoxy matrix; the most common type.
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2. Carbon Fiber (CFRP)
|
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
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Carbon fibers in an epoxy matrix; known for their high strength and low weight.
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3. Aramid (Kevlar)
|
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) |
Aramid fibers in a polymer matrix; high toughness and impact resistance.
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4. Metal Alloys (Al, Mg, Ti) reinforced with Ceramics
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Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
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Metal base reinforced with ceramic fibers/particles; used in high-end automotive engines.
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5. Ceramic Fibers in Ceramic Matrix
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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
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Extreme heat resistance; used for jet-engine turbine blades where metals would otherwise melt.
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5 Common Examples of Composite MaterialsWhat Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Synthetic Materials?
Synthetic materials offer a range of benefits and drawbacks that influence their suitability for different applications. Understanding these trade-offs helps guide material selection based on performance, cost, and environmental impact.
Synthetic materials advantages
Synthetic materials offer 4 clear advantages that explain their widespread adoption across various industries:
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1. Cost-Effectiveness and Availability: Synthetic materials are affordable and easy to produce in large quantities. Mass production lowers costs, making products widely accessible to consumers.
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2. Customisable Properties: Synthetic materials can be engineered to meet specific needs, such as strength, flexibility, or resistance. This customization ensures the material is well-suited for its intended use.
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3. Durability and Longevity: These materials are resistant to moisture, UV exposure, and physical wear, offering longer lifespans compared to many natural materials. This durability reduces the need for frequent replacements.
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4. Production Efficiency: Automated manufacturing ensures consistent quality across all units. This uniformity simplifies quality control and reduces waste, making synthetic materials a reliable choice for mass production.
4 key advantages of Synthetic materialsSynthetic materials disadvantages
Synthetic materials carry 3 significant drawbacks that demand consideration:
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1. Environmental Impact: Many synthetic materials are non-biodegradable and persist in landfills for centuries. Their production also releases greenhouse gases, consumes fossil fuels, and contributes to microplastic pollution in waterways.
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2. Health Concerns: Some synthetics contain harmful chemicals or release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can affect air quality and cause skin sensitivities or allergic reactions in some individuals. Long-term health effects are still being studied.
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3. Aesthetic Limitations: Synthetic materials lack the natural variations found in organic materials, which can make them appear artificial. Unlike materials like wood or bamboo, they may not offer the same warmth or visual appeal, especially in decorative applications.
3 key Disadvantages of Synthetic materialsCommon Applications of Synthetic Materials in Modern Life & Interior Design
Synthetic materials play a crucial role in shaping the functionality, design, and durability of modern living spaces. Here are 10 common synthetic materials in interior design and daily life:
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1. Polyethylene (PE)
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2. Polypropylene (PP)
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3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
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4. Polyester
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5. Polystyrene (PS)
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6. Polyamide (Nylon)
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7. Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA / Acrylic)
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8. Polyurethane (PU)
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9. Polycarbonate (PC)
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10. Polysiloxanes (Silicone)
Below, we take a closer look at each of these synthetic materials and how they’re used in both modern life and interior design:
1. Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used plastic in the world. Known for its lightweight, durable properties, PE is a versatile thermoplastic with a crystalline structure that can range from flexible (LDPE) to rigid (HDPE). It’s prized for its excellent chemical resistance and its ability to absorb almost no moisture.
In everyday life, PE plays a key role in packaging, from grocery bags to squeeze bottles. It’s also commonly used to create realistic, long-lasting artificial plants and water-resistant piping systems. Its affordability and strength make it an essential material, providing both accessibility and durability in a wide range of products.
Common Uses of Polyethylene (PE)Here is an overview that highlights the 9 types of polyethylene, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
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Polyethylene Types
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Key Characteristics
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Durability
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Applications
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Price
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1. HDPE
(High-Density)
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High strength-to-density ratio, rigid structure, opaque appearance, and excellent chemical resistance against solvents and moisture.
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High
|
Detergent bottles, piping systems, geomembranes, and interior uses like solid plastic bathroom partitions, lockers, and durable outdoor-style furniture.
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Low
$0.9 - $1.2/kg
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2. MDPE
(Medium-Density)
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Good shock and drop resistance; less rigid than HDPE but more stress-crack resistant; often rotomolded.
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Medium-High
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Gas pipes, fittings, screw closures, and interior uses, such as rotomolded hollow furniture parts or tank linings.
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Low / Medium
$1 - $1.3/kg
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3. LDPE
(Low-Density)
|
Highly flexible, translucent, transparent, low tensile strength, and easy to process, but low heat resistance.
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Medium
|
Plastic bags, squeeze bottles, dispensing containers, and interior uses like flexible furniture covers or light-diffusing lampshades.
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Low
$1 - $1.35/kg
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4. LLDPE
(Linear Low-Density)
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High tensile strength, superior puncture resistance compared to LDPE, flexible linear structure, and good elongation.
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Medium-High
|
Stretch films, agricultural films, cable jacketing, and interior uses like rotomolded chairs, bean bag fillers, and flexible tubing.
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Low / Medium
$1.1 - $1.35/kg
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5. mPE
(Metallocene)
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Uniform molecular structure, exceptional optical clarity, high toughness, and superior sealing properties for high-performance films.
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High
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Heavy-duty packaging films, lamination layers, medical packaging, and interior uses, such as high-clarity protective films for furniture surfaces.
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Medium
$1.3 - $1.6/kg
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6. VLDPE
(Very Low-Density)
|
Extremely flexible, soft rubber-like texture, excellent impact strength, and good sealability at low temperatures.
|
Medium
|
Impact modifiers, flexible tubing, medical films, and interior uses like soft-touch grips or flexible seals in appliances.
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Medium
$1.3 - $1.7/kg
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7. UHMWPE
(Ultra-High Molecular Weight)
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Extreme abrasion resistance, self-lubricating surface, very low friction coefficient, and high impact strength.
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Very High
|
Chute linings, medical implants, gears, and interior uses, such as sliding mechanisms for drawers or low-friction glides for heavy furniture.
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High
$1.5 - $3/kg
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8. XLPE
(Cross-Linked)
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Thermoset-like properties, high heat and chemical resistance, excellent electrical insulation, and resistance to stress cracking.
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Very High
|
PEX plumbing pipes, high-voltage cable insulation, and interior uses like acoustic foam underlay for laminate or wood flooring.
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Medium / High
$1.5 - $3/kg
|
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9. CPE
(Chlorinated)
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Rubber-like elasticity, flame retardant, excellent weather and oil resistance, and serves as a PVC modifier.
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High
|
Wire jacketing, roofing membranes, automotive hoses, and interior uses as an impact modifier in rigid PVC window profiles or flooring.
|
Medium
$1 - $1.5/kg
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2. Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene (PP) is a strong, semi-crystalline thermoplastic that is tougher and more heat-resistant than polyethylene. One of its standout features is its high fatigue resistance, meaning it can be bent repeatedly without breaking, a property often called a "living hinge."
PP is incredibly versatile and can be found in everything from microwave-safe food containers to car parts. In home design, it is commonly used for stain-resistant area rugs and stackable molded chairs. Its excellent chemical resistance and durability make it ideal for everyday items that need to withstand daily use and frequent cleaning, even at high temperatures.
Common Uses of Polypropylene (PP)Here is an overview that highlights the 7 types of polypropylene, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
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Polypropylene Types
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Key Characteristics
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Durability
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Applications
|
Price
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1. Homopolymer Polypropylene (PP-H)
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High stiffness, excellent chemical resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, brittle at low temperatures, and good weldability.
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Medium
|
Chemical tanks, pipe fittings, pump components, rigid packaging, and electrical insulation.
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Low
$0.95 - $1.15/kg
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|
2. Copolymer Polypropylene (PP-C) – Random
|
Polymer chains with random ethylene modification, high clarity/transparency, flexible, lower melting point, ductile.
|
Medium
|
Clear food containers, medical syringes, hot- and cold-water pipes (PPR), IV bottles, and labware.
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Medium
$1.15 - $1.3/kg
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|
3. Copolymer Polypropylene (PP-C) – Block
|
Organized blocks of ethylene/propylene, opaque, better impact strength than homopolymer, good fatigue resistance.
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Medium-High
|
Washing machine tubs, automotive interior trim, crates, industrial battery cases, furniture parts.
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Moderate
$1.2 - $1.4/kg
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4. Impact Copolymer
|
Two-phase structure with rubber content; high toughness; stress-crack-resistant; retains strength at freezing temperatures.
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High
|
Automotive bumpers, luggage, heavy-duty pails, appliances, and child safety seats.
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Moderate
$1.25 - $1.45/kg
|
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5. Polypropylene (PP-Impact)
|
High-performance compounded grade, extreme impact resistance, often rubber-modified (EPR), low stiffness, ductile.
|
Very High
|
Heavy-duty industrial containers, freezer-grade packaging, automotive exterior panels, safety helmets.
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High
$1.4 - $1.65/kg
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6. Oriented Polypropylene (OPP)
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Stretched film structure, high tensile strength, crystal clear, moisture barrier, non-sealable without coating.
|
Medium
|
Snack packaging (chips), adhesive tapes, labels, flower sleeves, and lamination films.
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Medium
$1.3 - $1.6/kg
|
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7. Polypropylene Fiber (PP Fiber)
|
Spun filament form, hydrophobic (repels water), lightweight, chemically inert, and abrasion-resistant.
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High
|
Concrete reinforcement (crack prevention), geotextiles, carpets, ropes, and filtration fabrics.
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Medium / High
$1.5 - $2.5/kg
|
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), commonly known as vinyl, is a versatile plastic that comes in two main forms: rigid and flexible. It is known for being naturally flame-retardant, resistant to biological and chemical damage, and relatively inexpensive to produce compared to other plastics.
PVC is widely used in construction and interior design, particularly for luxury vinyl tile (LVT) flooring, window frames, and plumbing pipes. It offers an affordable way to mimic the appearance of wood or stone while providing excellent water resistance. One of its key advantages is its low maintenance; it won’t rot or rust, making it perfect for wet areas like bathrooms.
Common Uses of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Here is an overview that highlights the 5 types of PVC, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
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Polyvinyl Chloride Types
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Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
|
Unplasticized, stiff, chemical-resistant, fire-retardant, excellent electrical insulation, and high mechanical strength without flexibility.
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High
|
Window frames, door profiles, interior wall cladding, rigid pipes, electrical conduit systems, and clear roofing sheets.
|
Low / Medium
$0.8 - $1.3/kg
|
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2. Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-P)
|
Soft, elastic, rubber-like texture; plasticizer-added; high impact strength; easy to color and process.
|
Medium
|
Vinyl flooring, cable insulation, shower curtains, upholstery, medical tubing, and synthetic leather for furniture.
|
Low / Medium
$0.9 - $1.6/kg
|
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3. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
|
High heat resistance (up to 93°C), corrosion-proof, flame-retardant, and superior strength at elevated temperatures.
|
Very High
|
Hot water plumbing, fire sprinkler systems, industrial chemical handling, and specialized interior protective profiles.
|
Medium / High
$1.25 - $1.85/kg
|
|
4. High Impact Polyvinyl Chloride (HPVC / PVC-HI)
|
Impact-modified, enhanced toughness, resistant to cracking, cold-weather stable, retains rigidity with added ductility.
|
High
|
Impact-resistant conduit, protective wall bumpers, cold-climate window profiles, gas pipes, and industrial housing.
|
Medium
$1 - $1.5/kg
|
|
5. Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-O)
|
Molecularly stretched, layered structure, extreme tensile strength, thinner walls, fatigue-resistant, and lightweight.
|
Very High
|
High-pressure water mains, irrigation systems, sewer pumping, mostly infrastructure rather than interior decor.
|
Medium (Resin) / High (Product)
$1.5 - $2.5+/kg
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4. Polyester
Polyethylene Terephthalate, commonly known as PET when used for bottles, is probably more familiar to you as polyester in its fiber form. It’s a strong, semi-crystalline thermoplastic that’s naturally transparent and offers excellent resistance to moisture and gases. It also resists stretching and shrinking better than most other fibers.
While PET keeps our drinks fresh in clear bottles, polyester shines as a fabric in home interiors. It’s widely used in durable upholstery, curtains, and carpets because it resists wrinkling and fading. Polyester adds longevity and easy care to soft furnishings, letting homeowners enjoy plush textures without the need for delicate handling.
Common Uses of PolyesterHere is an overview that highlights the 7 types of polyester, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polyester Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
|
Clear, lightweight, moisture-resistant, dimensionally stable, widely recyclable, and excellent electrical insulation properties.
|
High
|
Beverage bottles, upholstery fabrics, acoustic wall panels, packaging films, and electrical insulation.
|
Low
$1 - $1.6/kg
|
|
2. Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
|
Solvent-resistant, high electrical insulation, rapid crystallization, rigid, heat-tolerant, and minimal moisture absorption.
|
Very High
|
Electrical connectors, showerheads, automotive handles, keyboard keycaps, and industrial housing components.
|
Medium
$2.5 - $3.5/kg
|
|
3. Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT)
|
Elastic (stretch recovery), soft touch, inherent stain resistance, easy dyeability, partially bio-based.
|
High
|
Residential carpets, rugs, automotive interior textiles, apparel, and engineering thermoplastics.
|
Moderate
$2.8 - $4/kg
|
|
4. Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN)
|
Superior gas barrier, high heat resistance, UV-resistant, stiff, chemically stable, and high tensile strength.
|
Very High
|
High-performance industrial films, beer bottling, safety belts, electronic displays, and tire reinforcement.
|
High
$5 - $8/kg
|
|
5. Recycled Polyester (rPET)
|
Sustainable footprint, reduced energy production, variable optical clarity, slightly lower viscosity, and eco-friendly.
|
Medium-High
|
Sustainable interior textiles, carpet backing, fleece jackets, insulation batting, and strapping.
|
Low / Medium
$1.1 - $1.8/kg
|
|
6. Amorphous Polyester (e.g., PETG)
|
High transparency, superior impact resistance, easy thermoforming, printable, and good chemical resistance.
|
Medium-High
|
Point-of-purchase displays, signage, light fixture covers, medical packaging, and protective glazing.
|
Medium
$2 - $3/kg
|
|
7. Crystalline Polyester (e.g., CPET)
|
Opaque appearance, high temperature tolerance, extremely rigid, dimensionally stable, hard surface.
|
High
|
Ovenable food trays, microwave containers, structural components, and high-heat automotive housings.
|
Medium
$1.8 - $2.5/kg
|
5. Polystyrene (PS)
Polystyrene (PS) can be found as a solid, clear, rigid plastic or as foam, commonly known as Styrofoam. It is naturally transparent and stiff but can be somewhat brittle. Polystyrene is a great thermal insulator and is easy to mold into intricate shapes.
You’ll often find it used in disposable cutlery and protective packaging foam. In interior design, expanded PS is used for lightweight decorative ceiling tiles, cornices, and thermal insulation boards inside walls. It provides an affordable way to add architectural details to a room without significantly increasing the structure's weight.
Common Uses of Polystyrene (PS)Here is an overview that highlights the 7 types of polystyrene, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polystyrene Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)
|
Transparent, brittle, rigid, glass-like clarity. Excellent light transmission but low impact resistance. Easy to mold and cost-effective.
|
Medium
|
Food packaging, CD cases, cosmetic containers, labware (petri dishes), indoor light diffusers, disposable cups.
|
Low
$1 - $1.6/kg
|
|
2. High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
|
Opaque, tough, impact-resistant. Modified with rubber (butadiene) to reduce brittleness. Matte finish, easy to paint/print.
|
Medium-High
|
Refrigerator liners, appliance housings, yogurt cups, toy parts, instrument panels, interior signage, bathroom cabinet fronts.
|
Moderate
$1.2 - $2/kg
|
|
3. Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)
|
Lightweight, closed-cell beads fused together (98% air). Excellent thermal insulation and shock absorption. White, porous surface appearance.
|
Medium
|
Helmet liners, protective packaging (electronics), thermal insulation boards, crown molding, faux architectural columns, bean bag fillers.
|
Low
$1.2 - $1.6/kg
|
|
4. Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
|
Closed-cell rigid foam, continuous extrusion. High compressive strength, superior moisture resistance, smooth surface (often colored blue/pink).
|
High
|
Roof/wall insulation, under-slab insulation, basement walls, architectural modeling, waterproof interior wall panels, floor underlayment.
|
Moderate
$1.5 - $2.5/kg
|
|
5. Crystal Polystyrene
|
Ultra-clear grade of GPPS. High gloss, sparkling appearance, excellent stiffness. Brittle without modification. Often synonymous with standard GPPS.
|
Medium
|
Point-of-purchase displays, shower doors, lighting fixtures, picture frames, drinkware, and interior decorative glazing.
|
Moderate
$1.1 - $1.9/kg
|
|
6. Foam Polystyrene
|
Generic term (often "Styrofoam"). Soft, lightweight, cushioned feel. Can be EPS or XPS, but typically refers to disposable, low-density formats.
|
Low
|
Disposable coffee cups, meat trays, takeaway containers, fragile item cushioning, floral arrangement blocks, craft shapes.
|
Low
$1.20 - $1.6/kg
|
|
7. Biomedical Polystyrene
|
USP Class VI certified, high purity, sterilization-stable (Gamma/EtO). Optical clarity for microscopy, non-toxic, surface-treated for cell adhesion.
|
High
|
Tissue culture flasks, roller bottles, pipettes, diagnostic components, petri dishes, medical device housings, and test tubes.
|
Very High
$3 - $10+/kg
|
6. Polyamide (Nylon)
Nylon, also known as polyamide, was the first commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic. Initially created as a substitute for silk, it’s known for its exceptional strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. It also has a higher melting point than many other common plastics.
Nylon is a go-to material for mechanical parts like gears and screws. In homes, it’s the top choice for carpeting because it can handle heavy foot traffic and furniture weight without flattening. Its durability helps carpets maintain their bounce and appearance for years, even in high-traffic areas like hallways.
Common Uses of Polyamide (Nylon)Here is an overview that highlights the 9 types of nylon, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polyamide Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Polycaprolactam (Nylon 6)
|
High tensile strength, elasticity, ease of processing, high moisture absorption, and good chemical and oil resistance.
|
High
|
Textiles, carpets, upholstery fabrics, automotive engine covers, heavy-duty furniture casters, and fishing nets.
|
Low
$2.2 - $3.5/kg
|
|
2. Polyhexamethylene adipamide (Nylon 6,6)
|
High melting point, superior abrasion resistance, high rigidity, good heat stability, and lower moisture absorption than PA6.
|
Very High
|
Airbags, tire cords, zip ties, conveyor belts, interior carpet fibers, high-friction machine parts.
|
Low / Medium
$2.5 - $4.5/kg
|
|
3. Polyamide 11 (Nylon 11)
|
Bio-based (castor oil), low water absorption, high flexibility, excellent UV stability, impact resistant at low temperatures.
|
High
|
Pneumatic tubing, powder coatings for furniture, metalwork, sports shoe soles, and oil and gas flowlines.
|
High
$9 - $13/kg
|
|
4. Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)
|
Lowest moisture absorption, exceptional dimensional stability, chemical resistance, excellent electrical insulation, and stress cracking resistance.
|
High
|
Precision injection molding, 3D printing powder (SLS), catheter tubing, cable insulation, and solar panel backsheets.
|
High
$9 - $15/kg
|
|
5. Poly (m-xylylene adipamide) (Nylon MXD6)
|
High gas barrier properties, high modulus, low creep, excellent surface finish, and lower moisture sensitivity than PA6.
|
Medium-High
|
Food packaging films, gas-barrier layers for bottles, automotive mirror brackets, and structural furniture components.
|
Medium / High
$5.5 - $8.5/kg
|
|
6. Poly (hexamethylene sebacamide) (Nylon 6,10)
|
Bio-sourced content, lower moisture absorption than 6/66, good chemical resistance, retains strength at low temperatures.
|
High
|
Toothbrush bristles, precision monofilaments, electrical housings, tubing, and high-end technical furniture components.
|
Medium / High
$6.5 - $9.5/kg
|
|
7. Poly (hexamethylene dodecanamide) (Nylon 6,12)
|
Very low moisture absorption, high heat stability, good chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and flexible recovery.
|
High
|
Cable protection, fuel system components, cosmetic packaging brushes, hydraulic tubing, and electrical insulation.
|
Medium-High
$7.5 - $11/kg
|
|
8. Poly (heptamethylene sebacamide) (Nylon 7)
|
Good thermal stability, unique piezoelectric properties, toughness, slightly lower melting point than PA6, and moderate absorption.
|
Medium-High
|
Piezoelectric sensors, specialty films, wire insulation, niche textile fibers. (Less common commercially).
|
High
$8 - 15$/kg
|
|
9. Poly (tetramethylene adipamide) (Nylon 4,6)
|
High crystallinity, extreme heat resistance, rapid crystallization speeds, high stiffness at high temperatures, and excellent fatigue behavior.
|
Very High
|
Automotive gears, chain tensioners, circuit breaker housings, electronic connectors, and high-heat kitchen appliance parts.
|
High
$7.5 - $10.5/kg
|
7. Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA / Acrylic)
Acrylic, or Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), is often sold under brand names like Plexiglass or Lucite. This transparent thermoplastic is a lightweight, shatter-resistant alternative to glass, known for its excellent optical clarity and strong resistance to UV light and weathering.
Acrylic brings a sleek, modern look to interiors. It’s commonly used in "ghost" furniture, skylights, and contemporary light fixtures, where clarity is essential. It offers the beauty and transparency of glass without the safety concerns or heavy weight, making it perfect for stylish, open spaces where maximizing natural light is a priority.
Common Uses of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA / Acrylic)Here is an overview that highlights the 7 types of acrylic, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polymethyl Methacrylate Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Extruded Polymethyl Methacrylate (XT-PMMA)
|
The continuous manufacturing process yields consistent thickness and excellent optical clarity. Softer surface than cast, lower molecular weight, and easier to vacuum form.
|
Medium
|
Signage, display cases, light boxes, and interior partitions. Ideal for retail settings where uniform thickness and cost-efficiency are prioritized.
|
Low
$2 - $3.5/kg
|
|
2. Cast Polymethyl Methacrylate (CT-PMMA)
|
Batch-produced for superior optical clarity and higher molecular weight. Harder surface, greater chemical resistance, and cleaner laser-cut edges, but variable thickness.
|
High
|
Luxury furniture, aquariums, awards, and architectural glazing. Preferred for high-end interior design elements requiring machining or polishing.
|
Medium
$3 - $5.5/kg
|
|
3. Impact-Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate (IM-PMMA)
|
Blended with elastomers to significantly increase toughness and shatter resistance. Retains good transparency but may have slightly lower stiffness than standard acrylic.
|
High
|
Skylights, security barriers, automotive glazing, and durable displays. Useful in high-traffic interior areas where breakage risk is a concern.
|
Medium / High
$3.5 - $6/kg
|
|
4. High-Heat Polymethyl Methacrylate (H-PMMA)
|
Specially formulated to withstand higher temperatures (up to 110-120°C) without deforming or discoloring. Maintains optical properties under thermal stress.
|
High
|
Automotive lighting lenses, high-intensity lighting fixtures, and medical devices. Essential for interior lighting design where heat buildup occurs.
|
High
$4.5 - $7.5/kg
|
|
5. Optical Polymethyl Methacrylate (OP-PMMA)
|
Ultra-pure formulation with minimal impurities for maximum light transmission (92%+). Low birefringence and precise refractive index control for light manipulation.
|
Medium-High
|
LED lenses, light guides, prisms, and electronic displays. Critical for advanced interior lighting systems and smart home display interfaces.
|
High
$5 - $8/kg
|
|
6. Textured Polymethyl Methacrylate (Textured Acrylic)
|
Embossed surfaces (matte, stippled, or prismatic) are designed to diffuse light and obscure visibility. Hides fingerprints and scratches better than smooth sheets.
|
Medium-High
|
Privacy partitions, shower doors, cabinet inserts, and lighting diffusers. decorative wall panels that add depth and tactile interest to rooms.
|
Medium / High
$3.5 - $6/kg
|
|
7. UV-Stabilized Polymethyl Methacrylate (UV-PMMA)
|
Enhanced formulation to block harmful UV rays or resist yellowing over decades. often used to protect light-sensitive objects behind the glazing.
|
Very High
|
Museum casing, artwork framing, outdoor signage, and skylights. Protects valuable interior fabrics and art from sun damage near windows.
|
Medium
$2.5 - $4.5/kg
|
8. Polyurethane (PU)
Polyurethane (PU) is a versatile polymer that can be tailored to range from soft, flexible foams to tough, rigid solids. It’s known for its excellent abrasion resistance and thermal insulation properties. Unlike some plastics, PU is often a thermoset, meaning it doesn't melt once it's set.
Polyurethane plays a key role in modern comfort. It's the main material in memory foam mattresses and soft sofa cushions. Rigid PU is used for insulation, while PU coatings create convincing faux leather (pleather) for furniture. It offers high-end comfort and style at a fraction of the cost of natural materials.
Common Uses of Polyurethane (PU)Here is an overview that highlights the 9 types of polyurethane, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polyurethane Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)
|
Elastic and melt-processable like plastic; offers high abrasion resistance, flexibility, and transparency without requiring chemical curing (vulcanization).
|
High
|
Soft-touch interior surfaces, instrument panels, console skins, durable floor mats, cable jacketing, and 3D printing filaments.
|
Medium
$2 - $6/kg
|
|
2. Thermosetting Polyurethane (TS-PU)
|
Permanently hardens after curing; cannot be remelted. Provides superior heat resistance and structural integrity compared to thermoplastics.
|
Very High
|
Heavy-duty wheels, industrial rollers, electronic potting encapsulation, and structural automotive parts (bushings, mounts).
|
Moderate
$4 - $12/kg
|
|
3. Flexible Polyurethane Foam (FPUF)
|
Open-cell structure allowing airflow; highly resilient, cushioning, and capable of effectively absorbing sound and impact energy.
|
Medium-High
|
Upholstered furniture cushions, mattresses, automotive seating, acoustic wall panels, and carpet underlay padding.
|
Low
$2.5 - $5/kg
|
|
4. Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPUF)
|
Closed-cell structure with high thermal resistance; provides excellent insulation and structural strength while being lightweight.
|
High
|
Thermal insulation boards for walls/roofs, faux wood interior beams, decorative molding, and core material for entry doors.
|
Low
$2 - $6/kg
|
|
5. Polyurethane Elastomers
|
Rubber-like elasticity with high load-bearing capacity; exceptional resistance to tearing, abrasion, oils, and harsh environmental conditions.
|
Very High
|
Furniture casters, window gaskets, vibration-dampening pads, industrial belts, and mining screens.
|
Moderate
$5 - $15/kg
|
|
6. Polyurethane Coatings
|
Forms a tough, protective glossy or matte film; highly resistant to chemicals, scratches, weathering, and UV radiation degradation.
|
High
|
Clear coats for hardwood flooring, cabinetry finishes, automotive exterior paint protection, and concrete floor sealers.
|
Moderate
$4 - $15/kg
|
|
7. Polyurethane Adhesives
|
Strong bonding capabilities to diverse substrates (wood, metal, plastic); remains flexible after curing to absorb stress and movement.
|
High
|
Wood flooring installation, sandwich panel bonding, cabinetry assembly, and automotive windshield bonding.
|
Medium / High
$3 - $10/kg
|
|
8. Polyurethane Sealants
|
Excellent elasticity and recovery; provides a watertight, weather-resistant seal that adheres well to masonry and metal without priming.
|
High
|
Expansion joints in floors, sealing window and door frames, concrete crack repair, and sanitary sealing in bathrooms.
|
Medium / High
$4 - $12/kg
|
|
9. Polyurethane Resin (Casting)
|
Low viscosity two-part liquid system; fast-curing and captures fine details, often used for replicating prototypes and models.
|
Medium-High
|
Decorative interior architectural elements, prototype models, detailed figurines, and custom furniture hardware replicas.
|
High
$10 - $30/kg
|
9. Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate (PC) is an exceptionally tough, transparent thermoplastic often sold under the brand name Lexan. It is virtually unbreakable, much stronger than glass or acrylic, and offers high heat resistance and excellent optical clarity. It also naturally blocks UV radiation.
Due to its strength, polycarbonate is used in safety goggles and bulletproof windows. In interior design, it is used for transparent room dividers, conservatory roofing, and modern high-concept chairs. It provides unmatched durability and safety in high-impact areas, allowing light to pass through while protecting those inside.
Common Uses of Polycarbonate (PC)Here is an overview that highlights the 8 types of polycarbonate, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Polycarbonate Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. General Purpose Polycarbonate (GPPC)
|
High clarity, superior impact resistance, heat stability, and dimensional accuracy. Excellent balance of transparency and toughness for standard uses.
|
High
|
Machine guards, electrical housings, safety glazing, transparent partitions, and interior furniture components. Versatile for protective and aesthetic needs.
|
Medium
$2.5 - $3.5/kg
|
|
2. High Impact Polycarbonate (HIPC)
|
Enhanced toughness, superior shatter resistance, extreme ductility, and cold temperature performance. Designed to withstand heavy mechanical stress without breaking.
|
Very High
|
Safety helmets, riot shields, heavy-duty industrial housings, protective wall cladding, and high-traffic interior surfaces. focused on impact absorption.
|
Medium / High
$2.8 - $4.5/kg
|
|
3. Optical Polycarbonate (OPC)
|
Exceptional optical clarity, low haze, high light transmission, UV stability. Glass-like transparency with minimal distortion for precision optics.
|
Medium-High
|
Lenses, eyewear, touchscreens, optical media, high-end display cases, and interior lighting diffusers. Critical for visual precision and aesthetics.
|
High
$3.5 - $6/kg
|
|
4. Flame Retardant Polycarbonate (FRPC)
|
Self-extinguishing, UL94 V-0 rated, high heat resistance, and ignition inhibition. Prevents fire spread in critical electrical and safety environments.
|
High
|
Electrical connectors, EV charging stations, aircraft interiors, public building wall panels, elevator interiors. Mandatory for fire-safety compliance.
|
Medium / High
$2.8 - $4.8/kg
|
|
5. Polycarbonate / ABS Blends (PC/ABS)
|
Balanced toughness, improved processability, high impact strength, and good surface finish. Combines PC mechanical properties with the ease of ABS molding.
|
Medium-High
|
Automotive dashboards, consumer electronics cases, luggage, appliance housings, and interior furniture parts. Ideal for complex molded durable goods.
|
Low / Medium
$1.8 - $2.8/kg
|
|
6. Polycarbonate Film
|
Thin gauge, flexible, high gloss or textured finish, tear-resistant. versatile for surface applications, printing, and detailed lamination.
|
Medium
|
Membrane switches, automotive dials, ID cards, decorative furniture laminates, and backlit interior panels. used for surface protection and graphics.
|
Very High
$10 - $25+/kg
|
|
7. Polycarbonate Sheet
|
Solid or multiwall structure, lightweight glass alternative, thermal insulation, UV blocking. Structural glazing material with high impact strength.
|
High
|
Roofing, skylights, sound barriers, greenhouses, room dividers, shower doors, suspended ceilings. Primary material for architectural glazing.
|
High
$5 - $10/kg)
|
|
8. Polycarbonate Resin
|
Raw thermoplastic pellets, melt-processable, versatile feedstock, high flow. The base material for injection molding and extrusion processes.
|
Variable (Base Material)
|
Injection molding feedstock, compounding base, custom molded furniture, and industrial fittings. The starting point for all PC products.
|
Low
$1.5 - $3/kg
|
10. Polysiloxanes (Silicone)
Silicone, or Polysiloxanes, is a synthetic material that falls somewhere between plastics and rubber. It is well-known for its exceptional heat stability, chemical resistance, and rubber-like flexibility. Silicone maintains its shape and properties across a wide range of temperatures, from freezing cold to high heat.
In the home, silicone is essential in the kitchen, used for non-stick bakeware and utensils that won’t scratch pans. It’s also the go-to sealant (caulk) for bathrooms and windows, helping prevent water damage and mold. Its safety, non-toxicity, and durability make it a key material for keeping your living space clean and functional.
Common Uses of Polysiloxanes (Silicone)Here is an overview that highlights the 8 types of silicone, focusing on their key characteristics, durability, applications, and price:
|
Silicone Types
|
Key Characteristics
|
Durability
|
Applications
|
Price
|
|
1. Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS)
|
Chemically inert, clear fluid with excellent flow, hydrophobicity, shear stability, and low surface tension properties.
|
High
|
Antifoaming agents, mechanical lubricants, hydraulic fluids, skin moisturizers, hair conditioners, and mold release agents.
|
Low
$2 - $7/kg
|
|
2. Methylphenyl siloxane
|
Superior thermal stability (-60°C to 250°C), radiation resistance, high refractive index, and low pour point.
|
Very High
|
High-temperature heat transfer fluids, diffusion pump oils, specialized lubricants, and cosmetic gloss agents.
|
Moderate
$20 - $35/kg
|
|
3. Vinylsiloxane
|
Contains reactive vinyl groups enabling addition curing; offers high tear strength and dimensional stability.
|
High
|
Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) manufacturing, dental impression materials, encapsulants, and release coatings.
|
Low - Medium
$3 - $12/kg
|
|
4. Aminosiloxane
|
Polar amino groups provide a strong affinity to fibers/protein, delivering softness, reactivity, and wash resistance.
|
Medium-High
|
Textile softeners for fabrics, hair conditioning serums, car polishes, and leather treatment agents.
|
Medium
$4 - $15/kg
|
|
5. Fluorosilicone (FVMQ)
|
Combines silicone flexibility with exceptional resistance to non-polar solvents, fuels, oils, and extreme temperatures.
|
Very High
|
Automotive fuel seals, turbocharger hoses, aerospace gaskets, and chemical-resistant industrial diaphragms.
|
Very High
$35 - $60/kg
|
|
6. Epoxysiloxane
|
Hybrid polymer offering extreme corrosion protection, UV weatherability, high hardness, and strong substrate adhesion.
|
Very High
|
Marine protective coatings, industrial anti-corrosion paints, offshore platform finishes, and heavy-duty flooring.
|
Medium - High
$8 - $25/kg
|
|
7. Phenylsiloxane
|
Rigid resin structure with high refractive index, excellent optical clarity, and superior thermal insulation.
|
Very High
|
LED encapsulants, optical lenses, high-temperature electrical insulating resins, and heat-resistant binders.
|
High
$30 - $60/kg
|
|
8. Alkylsiloxane
|
Organo-modified with long alkyl chains for compatibility with organic oils, paintability, and enhanced lubricity.
|
Medium-High
|
Die-casting release agents, paint flow additives, leather waterproofing, and personal care emulsifiers.
|
Medium
$4 - $10/kg
|
Production Process of Synthetic Material Products
The manufacturing of synthetic materials involves transforming raw ingredients, typically derived from fossil fuels, into durable products like plastics, nylon, and polyester. The process follows a consistent lifecycle, including 4 main stages:
-
Stage 1 – Extraction of Raw Materials: The process begins by extracting hydrocarbons from crude oil, natural gas, or coal. Crude oil is refined and cracked into smaller molecules called monomers, which are the building blocks for synthetic materials.
-
Stage 2 – Polymerization (The Chemical Reaction): Monomers are chemically bonded into long chains called polymers. There are two methods: addition polymerization, where monomers bond without losing atoms (e.g., polyethylene), and condensation polymerization, where a byproduct like water is released (e.g., nylon, polyester).
-
Stage 3 – Compounding (Customization): The polymer resin is mixed with additives, such as stabilizers, plasticizers, pigments, and flame retardants, to enhance properties such as flexibility, color, and durability.
-
Stage 4 – Processing and Shaping: The compounded polymer is shaped using methods like injection molding, extrusion, or blow molding for solid objects.
-
For plastics: Resin is melted and shaped through injection molding, extrusion, or blow molding. These processes create solid objects like bottle caps, pipes, and water bottles by cooling or inflating molten plastic.
-
For fibers: Polymers like nylon and polyester are spun by forcing liquid through a spinneret. The fibers solidify and are stretched to align their molecules, enhancing strength and elasticity and making them suitable for fabrics like clothing and upholstery.
4-Stage Production Process of Synthetic Material ProductsNatural, Synthetic, and Semi-Synthetic: What Are the Differences?
Materials are classified into 3 categories based on their origin and processing methods:
-
1. Natural materials come from living sources
-
2. Synthetic materials are fully chemically created
-
3. Semi-synthetic materials combine both approaches
Below is a comparison of them based on 6 key aspects such as origin, examples, texture and comfort, uniformity, cost, and environmental impact:
|
Aspect
|
Natural Materials
|
Synthetic Materials
|
Semi-Synthetic Materials
|
|
1. Origin
|
Derived directly from plants, animals, or minerals
|
Chemically produced from petroleum or plant feedstocks
|
Natural base materials chemically modified
|
|
2. Examples
|
Cotton, wool, silk, bamboo, rattan
|
Polyester, nylon, acrylic, polypropylene
|
Rayon, modal, lyocell, acetate
|
|
3. Texture & Comfort
|
Soft, breathable, with natural variations
|
Varies; often smooth and consistent
|
Combines natural feel with improved properties
|
|
4. Uniformity
|
Variable: natural differences in each piece
|
Highly consistent; no variation between batches
|
More consistent than natural; less than synthetic
|
|
5. Cost
|
Moderate to high; labour-intensive harvesting
|
Generally low; mass-produced efficiently
|
Moderate; processing adds to natural material costs
|
|
6. Environmental Impact
|
Low to moderate; renewable but may require pesticides
|
High, non-biodegradable pollution from production
|
Moderate; uses natural base but requires chemicals
|
Key Differences between Synthetic vs Natural, vs Semi-Synthetic
FAQs about Synthetic Materials
Are Synthetic Materials Biodegradable?
No, most synthetic materials do not break down naturally, but new biodegradable synthetics are emerging.
What Is the Difference Between Synthetic and Artificial Materials?
Synthetic materials are chemically produced from raw substances, while artificial materials can include both synthetic and processed natural components.
Are Synthetic Materials Safer Than Natural Materials?
Yes. Synthetic materials often offer greater consistency and durability, while natural materials may introduce allergens or variability.
Is Paper a Synthetic Material?
No, traditional paper is not synthetic. It’s made from natural, plant-based materials like wood pulp or cotton fibers. However, synthetic paper does exist and is made from plastic materials, such as polypropylene.
Conclusion
Synthetic materials, with their wide range of types and applications, offer numerous benefits, such as durability and versatility. However, it’s important to consider their environmental impact and limitations when incorporating them into modern life and interior design.
At IndochinaLight, we specialize in handcrafted pendant lights crafted from natural materials such as rattan, bamboo, hemp, and jute. Committed to sustainability and traditional Vietnamese craftsmanship, we provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic options, bringing warmth and authenticity to your space.
IndochinaLight - IndochinaHomeDecor LLC
-
Address: 30 N Gould St Ste. N, Sheridan, WY 82801
-
Phone: (+1) 307 249 0594
-
Email: service@indochinalight.com
